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Grace is often understood to mean the gift of an unexpected rescue. It’s the buoy that appears at our side when we’re about to drown. But from what hazards do we, twenty-first-century Americans, need rescue? What is wretched about our lives? How about physical and emotional suffering, loss of meaning, existential despair? The list could go on.
Given our ever-present need for rescue, the liberal theologian Henry Nelson Wieman (1884–1975), whose theology came to depend little on God, kept room for grace. In The Source of Human Good (1946), Wieman, who became a Unitarian in 1949, worried that we humans plunge into despair when we fail to live up to our ideals. And we do invariably fail. According to Wieman, however, a creative power or process (God) can transform us into beings capable of doing good. This process, which he called “creative interchange,” is at work whenever individuals or institutions communicate in ways that foster new meanings. As we integrate these new meanings, our sense of the world’s richness expands and our sense of community strengthens. That, for Wieman, is grace.
Luckily for us, Unitarian Universalist congregational life makes a perfect seedbed for creative interchange. Perhaps you’ve experienced a committee or congregational meeting where a conversation that began as “blah blah blah”, skimming the surface of things, suddenly turned deep. Connections between those present grew palpable, sincere, and cooperative. Reason and feeling operated as one. At first, you had no idea how your congregation could find money for that new religious education space, but something shifted and you found a way. Or you worried that your committee could never agree on a new minister, but something shifted and you reached a consensus. In those shifts, Wieman insisted, creative interchange came to the rescue, helping your group get unstuck so you could honor your ideals and serve the creative good.
Over time, Wieman located this process more and more in the natural order. While some, like novelist Flannery O’Connor, wondered whether he “had strained the soup too thin,” Wieman’s work influenced later UU theologians like Jerome Stone, who teaches today at Meadville Lombard Theological School in Chicago. In The Minimalist Vision of Transcendence: A Naturalist Philosophy of Religion (1992), Stone judges the notion of God to be scientifically obsolete and, straining the soup still thinner, gives Wieman’s already irrelevant God the coup de grâce. Nonetheless, Stone retains grace. For him, grace is the awe we experience when sunlight turns the edges of clouds into pure shimmer, or a full moon is perfectly reflected in a rain puddle. These are grace-like moments, but they are nature’s gifts, not a deity’s. When life’s troubles threaten to drown us, glimpses of beauty, Stone maintains, can keep us afloat.
Ethicist and theologian James Luther Adams (1901–1994) was also influenced by Wieman but, unlike Wieman and Stone, refused to strain the soup. Adams insisted on the reality of a God beyond the natural order whose creative power sustains meaning and goodness. This creative power finds its “richest focus” when groups of people work together to serve the divine reality by securing freedom, peace, and social justice. He believed that God commands and transforms us with “a love that ‘cares’ for the fullest personal good of all.” But God’s love makes demands and it convicts us when we ignore those demands. Rescued by God, we must act together to rescue others. Touched by grace, we are to re-create grace.
When you get stuck—in self-destructive habits, unjust systems, or simply the daily grind—may grace set you free, whatever your theology.
Related Resources
- Henry Nelson Wieman. Dictionary of Unitarian Universalist Biography entry by Jim Nugent. (UU Historical Society)
- Jerome A. Stone. Wikipedia entry. (wikipedia.org)
- James Luther Adams. Dictionary of Unitarian Universalist Biography entry by Van Eric Fox and Alice Blair Wesley. (UU Historical Society)